(ii). Explain in Detail: (Any two).
A. Compiler, Assembler and Interpreter: reference geeksforgeeks
Compiler: The language processor that reads the complete source program written in high-
level language as a whole in one go and translates it into an equivalent program in machine
language is called a Compiler. Example: C, C++, C#, Java.
In a compiler, the source code is translated to object code successfully if it is free of errors.
The compiler specifies the errors at the end of the compilation with line numbers when there
are any errors in the source code. The errors must be removed before the compiler can
successfully recompile the source code again.
Assembler: The Assembler is used to translate the program written in Assembly language
into machine code. The source program is an input of an assembler that contains assembly
language instructions. The output generated by the assembler is the object code or machine
code understandable by the computer. Assembler is basically the 1st interface that is able to
communicate humans with the machine. We need an Assembler to fill the gap between human
and machine so that they can communicate with each other. code written in assembly
language is some sort of mnemonics(instructions) like ADD, MUL, MUX, SUB, DIV, MOV
and so on. and the assembler is basically able to convert these mnemonics in Binary code.
Here, these mnemonics also depend upon the architecture of the machine.
For example, the architecture of intel 8085 and intel 8086 are different.
Interpreter: The translation of a single statement of the source program into machine code
is done by a language processor and executes immediately before moving on to the next line
is called an interpreter. If there is an error in the statement, the interpreter terminates its
translating process at that statement and displays an error message. The interpreter moves on
to the next line for execution only after the removal of the error. An Interpreter directly
executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously
converting them to an object code or machine code.
Example: Perl, Python and Matlab.
B. Cryptography: Cryptography is technique of securing information and communications
through use of codes so that only those person for whom the information is intended can
understand it and process it. Thus preventing unauthorized access to information. The prefix
“crypt” means “hidden” and suffix graphy means “writing”. In Cryptography the techniques
which are use to protect information are obtained from mathematical concepts and a set of
rule based calculations known as algorithms to convert messages in ways that make it hard to
decode it. These algorithms are used for cryptographic key generation, digital signing,
verification to protect data privacy, web browsing on internet and to protect confidential
transactions such as credit card and debit card transactions.
Or
Cryptography is a method of protecting information and communications through the use of
codes, so that only those for whom the information is intended can read and process it.
In computer science, cryptography refers to secure information and communication
techniques derived from mathematical concepts and a set of rule-based calculations called
algorithms, to transform messages in ways that are hard to decipher. These deterministic
algorithms are used for cryptographic key generation, digital signing, verification to protect
data privacy, web browsing on the internet and confidential communications such as credit
card transactions and email.